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Many studies show that more highly concentrated industries lead to lower R&D spending as a percentage of sales. Furthermore, monopolies may spend money on R&D, but they are reticent to back new ventures, as they do not want to cannibalize their existing business or they do not want to move into new areas. For example, most of the inventions of Bell Labs were not used by AT&T but by others. Likewise, most of the inventions of Xerox's PARC laboratory were used by Apple and others, not Xerox.
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